What Is a Sampling Distribution

Statistical sampling is used quite often in statistics. In this process, we aim to determine something about a population. Since populations are typically large in size, we form a statistical sample by selecting a subset of the population that is of a predetermined size. By studying the sample we can use inferential statistics to determine something about the population. A statistical sample of size n involves a single group of n individuals or subjects that have been randomly chosen from the population. Closely related to the concept of a statistical sample is a sampling distribution. Origin of Sampling Distributions A sampling distribution occurs when we form more than one simple random sample of the same size from a given population. These samples are considered to be independent of one another. So if an individual is in one sample, then it has the same likelihood of being in the next sample that is taken. We calculate a particular statistic for each sample. This could be a sample mean, a sample variance or a sample proportion. Since a statistic depends upon the sample that we have, each sample will typically produce a different value for the statistic of interest. The range of the values that have been produced is what gives us our sampling distribution. Sampling Distribution for Means For an example, we will consider the sampling distribution for the mean. The mean of a population is a parameter that is typically unknown. If we select a sample of size 100, then the mean of this sample is easily computed by adding all values together and then dividing by the total number of data points, in this case, 100. One sample of size 100 may give us a mean of 50. Another such sample may have a mean of 49. Another 51 and another sample could have mean of 50.5. The distribution of these sample means gives us a sampling distribution. We would want to consider more than just four sample means as we have done above. With several more sample means we would have a good idea of the shape of the sampling distribution. Why Do We Care? Sampling Distributions may seem fairly abstract and theoretical. However, there are some very important consequences from using these. One of the main advantages is that we eliminate the variability that is present in statistics. For instance, suppose we start with a population with a mean of ÃŽ ¼ and standard deviation of ÏÆ'. The standard deviation gives us a measurement of how spread out the distribution is. We will compare this to a sampling distribution obtained by forming simple random samples of size n. The sampling distribution of the mean will still have a mean of ÃŽ ¼, but the standard deviation is different. The standard deviation for a sampling distribution becomes ÏÆ'/√ n. Thus we have the following A sample size of 4 allows us to have a sampling distribution with a standard deviation of ÏÆ'/2.A sample size of 9 allows us to have a sampling distribution with a standard deviation of ÏÆ'/3.A sample size of 25 allows us to have a sampling distribution with a standard deviation of ÏÆ'/5.A sample size of 100 allows us to have a sampling distribution with a standard deviation of ÏÆ'/10. In Practice In the practice of statistics, we rarely form sampling distributions. Instead, we treat statistics derived from a simple random sample of size n as if they are one point along a corresponding sampling distribution. This emphasizes again why we desire to have relatively large sample sizes. The larger the sample size, the less variation that we will obtain in our statistic. Note that, other than the center and spread, we are unable to say anything about the shape of our sampling distribution. It turns out that under some fairly broad conditions, the Central Limit Theorem can be applied to tell us something quite amazing about the shape of a sampling distribution.

Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From...

Daniela Reynoso October 26, 2014 Government I Iverson Fall 2014 Midterm Throughout history, there have been many significant documents and speeches that enlighten and inform us on what is and was happening during those times. Abraham Lincoln’s speech, The Perpetuation of our Political Institutions, and Dr. Martin Luther King Jr’s Letter from Birmingham Jail are two important pieces of history. In Lincoln’s speech he speaks about the dangers of slavery in the United States and warned everybody that people who disrespected American laws could destroy the United States. On the other hand, Martin Luther King Jr. defended the strategy of nonviolent resistance to racism, and argued that people have a moral responsibility to break unjust laws. Based on these facts, Martin Luther King Jr does not agree with Lincoln’s counsel. In Lincoln’s Speech he is developing on the idea that we are a democratic nation and we have to survive through all time because if we do not, we will not be a democracy anymore. It is either we stay demo cratic or commit suicide because there is no point in living if we are not democratic. Then, Lincoln continues to say that to avoid committing suicide (or to stay democratic) we have to follow all of our laws. We cannot let passion get in our way like it has before. For example, wanting more money or the development leading to slavery. We have to be reasonable, cold, and obey all the rules. Even though Lincoln does believe that there are bad and good laws,Show MoreRelatedAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail962 Words   |  4 Pagesintangible, it is still necessary. Some forms of inspiration come as passionate love while others appeal as injustice. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen. His inspiration for writing the letter was the clergymens unjust proposals and the letter allowed him to present his rebuttal. Martin Luther King Jr. effectively crafted his counter argument by first directly addressing his audience, the clergymen, and then using logosRead MoreSociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail1214 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Sociological Analysis of Martin Luther King, Jr.’s Letter from a Birmingham Jail Abstract The paper analyses Martin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmingham Jail† from a sociological point of view and shows how three major theories (structural functionalism, social conflict, and symbolic interactionism) are treated in the letter. The paper shows different appreciation of King’s ideas and works by his contemporaries and modern people. It also explores the concepts of â€Å"nonviolentRead MoreAnalysis of Martin Luther King Jr. ´s Letter From Birmingham Jail771 Words   |  3 Pagesagainst the prejudice that they have to face, accomplish justice that every single one of them are fighting for. Dr. Martin Luther King, a leader of the protest against prejudice was able to pursue the rights for African American people. However eight of his fellow clergymen criticized his procedure to protest, but they still supported him. In the Letter from Birmingham Jail, King wanted to encourage others to rebel against the wrong, even if it is not wise it is right, he was optimistic and yetRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1399 Words   |  6 Pagesmade. For people who are oppressed, what they see as the greater good may be vastly different from the views of those who are unoppressed. Martin Luther King Jr. s, Letter from Birmingham Jail illustrates how a seemingly innocent attempt at gaining one s rights can be seen as controversial and wrong by others. King was put into jail because of the peaceful protests he led. To those who shared King s method of thought, nonviolence would have been the way to maximize the gains in society by allowingRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From A Birmingham Jail1493 Words   |  6 Pageswould have disagreed with this assertion, and died in part to keep this idea from spreading. Socrates was sentenced to death by an Athenian court, though the punishment did not fit the crimes he was accused of. We assume that any knowingly innocent person would have escaped this sentence if given the opportunity and support to do so, yet Socrates refused to and died soon after. Over 2,000 years later, Martin Luther King is also imprisoned on petty crimes and sees his actions in line with SocratesRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1794 Words   |  8 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. s 1963 Letter from Birmingham Jail, a rhetorical masterpiece, was written in response to eight clergymen’s statements condemning his nonviolent direct actions. He defends the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights nonviolent, direct action against individuals, institutions, and laws that look the other way while unjust racial prejudice against African Americans runs rampant in Birmingham. Using three main appeals, Ethos, Pathos, Logos, Dr. King communicates the struggleRead MoreAnalysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From Birmingham Jail1251 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"A just law is a man-made code that square s with the moral law, or the law of God. An unjust law is a code that is out of harmony with the moral law.† (3) In 1963 in this particular statement made by Martin Luther King Jr. in his Letter from Birmingham Jail, he explained how man-made (white men) laws were created to persecute the black race, and how it is his duty to fight against such laws. He was the one who articulated the progressive hope of many African Americans along with other â€Å"colored†Read MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail1499 Words   |  6 Pagescritically we become acquainted with these concepts therefore become better writers ourselves. While learning about rhetorical writing and composition we have analyzed Billy Collins â€Å" Commencement Address at Choate- Rosemary Hall† , Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"letter from Birmingham Jail† and Lloyd Bitzer’s essay on â€Å"Rhetorical Situation†. In this paper I will analyze and make connections between the concepts of audience, genre and rhetorical situation in connection to the fore-mentioned readings. In doingRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr s Letter From Birmingham Jail1831 Words   |  8 Pageseffective when all three rhetorical appeals, Logos, Pathos, and Ethos, come together to form an indisputable argument. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and Malcolm X are two of the most influential figures of the past few decades; similarly, their work is summarized as some of the most persuasive and controversial of all time. The audience of both of their pieces, â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† and â€Å"The Ballot or the Bullet† include oppressed African Americans and the white oppressors themselves. Each man takesRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Of Martin Luther King Jr. s Letter From A Birmingham Jail873 Words   |  4 PagesAfter criticism from eight Alabama clergymen for his nonviolent demonstrations, Martin Luther King Jr. was compelled to enlighten them on the current issues plaguing the African American community. During his confinement in a Birmingham jail, King wrote Letter from a Birmingham Jail to address most of the clergymen s concerns about his protest. In his letter, King emphasized why his actions were not unwise or untimely and explained that now was the perfect moment to act. His studies and sermons

Critical Analysis Of Henry David Thoreaus Civil Disobedience

Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) was an introspective who desired only a simple life and wandered the woods of Concord, Massachusetts journaling. How, then, did he influence such political icons as Mohandas Gandhi, Leo Tolstoy, and Martin Luther King Jr.? The answer lies in â€Å"Civil Disobedience† (1849). â€Å"Civil Disobedience† is an analysis of the individual’s relationship to the state and focuses mainly on why men obey laws even when they violate their own conscience. It is not an essay of abstract theory, but instead Thoreau’s extremely personal response to being imprisoned for breaking the law. Due to his detest of slavery and the tax revenues that supported of it Thoreau decided to become a tax rebel and thus was punished by the state.†¦show more content†¦A man should be allowed to be the man he imagines himself to be. Government should not be allowed intrude on our identities. This goes against the very foundations of this coun try. How anyone can disagree with this sentiment is beyond reason. Life is for living. Consider, each of us are a produced from greatly variying environments and thus have very different views, opinions, and moral convictions. No one and no thing should hinder us from appeasing our conscience by doing what naturally feels good and just. All things considered, to impede this pursuit of just behavior is to obstruct the betterment of humanity and is a despicable implementation of power. As sentient beings, we all feel as if we must be here for a reason and unearthing this purpose, which can be a life-long endeavor, is paramount to living an enjoyable and fulfilling life. By restricting man’s ability to follow his heart and forcing him to betray his soul’s desires the government is denying him the ability to grow, flourish, and live as the dynamic beings we are created to be. Our conscience is our driving force, it leads us throughout our lives and takes us places we may have thought we would never go. Ergo, constricting this force and twisting it to benefit the state is detrimental to the integrity of our journeys as individual beings. As Thoreau so thoughtfully put it: ’ The only obligation which I have a right to assume is to do at any time what I think right.’ WeShow MoreRelatedEssay about Henry David Thoreaus Enlightenment and Ideas 1355 Words   |  6 Pages Civil Disobedience is one of Henry David Thoreaus most famous essays. O ne of the major problems most critics see with this essay deals with Thoreaus seemingly contradictory statements about society from the beginning to the end. Barry Wood, a well-known critical writer, attributes this change in beliefs to the enlightenment of Thoreau in jail. While I agree with Wood that Thoreau does achieve a form of enlightenment, I will show that Thoreaus views regarding the society he lived in neverRead MoreHenry David Thoreau: The Grat Transcendentalist Essay1932 Words   |  8 PagesHenry David Thoreau along with a select group of people propelled the short movement of transcendentalism during the 1830s to the 1850s and was later brought up during the Vietnam War. Many of the transcendentalist ideas came from student who attended Harvard University during this time period. Henry David Thoreau’s individualistic anarchist views on society were developed throughout his early life and later refined in his years of solitude; these views on society and governm ent are directly expressedRead MoreHenry David Thoreau1930 Words   |  8 PagesBiographical Summary Henry David Thoreau was born on July 12, 1817 in Concord, Massachusetts, and was the son of John Thoreau, a pencil maker, and Cynthia Dunbar (â€Å"Henry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ency. of World). Growing up in a â€Å"modest New England family,† Thoreau was one of four children and was accustomed to living practically (McElroy). As his family was â€Å"permanently poor,† he came to accept a moderate lifestyle, which may have later influenced his thoughts on the necessities of life (â€Å"Henry†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Ency. of World). As aRead MoreTranscendentalism in Civil Disobedience3710 Words   |  15 Pages Transcendentalism in Civil Disobedience Thoreaus Politics of Individuality and Nature Dannheisig 2 Contents Introduction 1. Transcendentalism a. Nature b. Introspective Conscience and Politics 2. Political Individualism a. Ethical and Political (In)justice b. Critique of Democracy Conclusion Bibliography 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dannheisig 3 Introduction Henry David Thoreau was part of a movement called American Transcendentalism. To illuminate Thoreaus understanding of democracyRead MoreRhetorical Analysis of Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience†1570 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿AP Language Rhetorical Analysis of Thoreau’s â€Å"Civil Disobedience† Directions: Read â€Å"Civil Disobedience.† As you read, underline examples of Thoreau using rhetorical devices and identify and explain the devices via annotation. Answer questions 1-4 to prepare for further work with a small group. The group will work together on questions 5 through 8. Be ready to explain your answers to the whole class. Even when you’re working as a group you should be writing the answers. 1. Based on yourRead MoreHenry David Thoreau4404 Words   |  18 PagesHenry David Thoreau INTRODUCTION Henry David Thoreau was an American author, poet, abolitionist, naturalist, tax resister, development critic, surveyor, historian , philosopher andtranscendentalist. Henry David Thoreau was a complex man of many talents who worked hard to shape his craft and his life. He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moralRead MoreThe Great Traversers By Ralph Waldo Emerson2868 Words   |  12 PagesThe Great Traversers (A detailed look into three transcendental ideas, as presented by Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Henry David Thoreau) In this spirit I have just discovered Emerson. For forty years I have known something about him, of course—that he was a mystical philosopher; the apostle of transcendentalism in America†¦.† (Abbot, lines 9-10). From within the text of the author of this quote, it can be seen the shear praise and gratitude held for a man by the name of Ralph Waldo Emerson. EmersonRead More Analysis of Conclusion of Thoreau’s Walden Essay2987 Words   |  12 PagesAnalysis of â€Å"Conclusion† of Thoreau’s Walden  Ã‚   The chapter entitled â€Å"Conclusion† is a fitting and compelling final chapter to Thoreau’s Walden. Throughout Walden, Thoreau delves into his surroundings, the very specifics of nature, and what he was thinking about, without employing any metaphors and including none of his poignant aphorisms. However, placed among these at-times tedious sections, come spectacular and wholly enjoyable interludes of great and profound thought from a writer thatRead MoreReference Letter from Employer5583 Words   |  23 Pagesalways the first to organize group activities and has very strong personal relationships both inside and outside the office environment. Finally, Johns unique combination of the above skills with a high level of moral and ethical standards have been critical to his personal and professional development. It is my belief that he will succeed in any undertaking largely because of his determination to adhere to these standards and accomplish his goals with integrity. I have only touched upon the most important

Best Buy Failure in China (International Business)

Introduction In the world today, there are many companies getting involved in international business, and developing to become a multinational company. Why do these firms want to take the multinational route? One of the dominant frameworks to explain the existence of these multinational companies is the Ownership-Location-Internalisation (OLI) paradigm (Dunning amp; Lundan 2008). Running an international business is different from running a domestic business. International business requires you to recognise and understand the cultural differences between countries. Failing to recognise and understand this difference could possibly lead to many difficulties, or worse still, failure. In this essay, I will be discussing the difficulties†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"The lesson we learned is that we got too far ahead of the Chinese consumer in how business is done in China,† said Brian Dunn, Best Buy’s Chief Executive (Groth 2011). He said the company’s mistake had been to open big box stores with fixed prices that were staffed entirely by Best Buy’s blue-shirted employees (Jopson amp; Waldmeir 2011). Clearly, Best Buy entered the Chinese market in 2006 with a lack of knowledge of the local consumer’s culture. International strategy is a strategy where the firm uses the core competency, which it developed at home, as its main competitive weapon in the foreign market (Sumantra amp; Nitin 1993). This is the strategy which Best Buy used. The company did not enter China with the intention to hire local talent who knew how to be successful in China. Rather, it entered the country intending to create talent that knew how to be successful in the United States (Adam 2011). When the multinational first entered the Chinese market, many people hoped that it would successfully replace the prevailing, yet widely criticised Chinese business model that focused on price-centred competition (Ni 2011). Imposing their core competency in the US model, the company offered â€Å"a concept ahead of the consumer,† said retail analyst Paul French of Access Asia which was based in Shanghai (MacleodShow MoreRelatedMarketing Analysis : International Marketing2073 Words   |  9 Pagesinternational marketing can include all these activites incluing licensing,importing and exporting, and franchising or the full direct entry of one country into another country for business objectives. This is achieved by one country exporting other countries’ products into its own business environment; it can also enter on franchising terms or through licensing in the country of interest, or direct investment in the foreign country. Market mix development involves product promotion, product pricingRead MoreWeek 4 Best Buy Case Study Homework Assignment904 Words   |  4 PagesOL-BA298 Week 4 Best Buy Case Study Homework Assignment; By Jeffrey Ray Jackson Sr. 09/03/2016. Through the course of the history of Best Buy as a firm, during and over the years, managerial changes have occurred, having being infrequent (meanings, rare, as uncommon, not occurring often, being exceptional) through internal leadership, had some-to-little impact about Best Buy’s overall strategy, because of promotions and managerial succession or managerial failure(s). Why did managerial have anyRead MoreWeek 4 Best Buy Case Study Homework Assignment1164 Words   |  5 PagesOL-BA298 Week 4 Best Buy Case Study Homework Assignment; By Jeffrey Ray Jackson Sr. 09/03/2016. Through the course of the history of Best Buy as a firm, during and over the years, managerial changes have occurred, having being infrequent, like rare, uncommon, not occurring often, nor being exceptional, through internal leadership. For this purpose, had little to some impact about Best Buy’s overall strategy, because of promotions and managerial succession or managerial failure(s). In contrast,Read MoreThe Significance of Cultural Differences for Foreign Companies in China and How to Overcome Them1900 Words   |  8 Pagescultural differences for international companies which want to set up a business in China. To do a clearly demonstration, I break it down into 3 parts: First is an example that the culture differences affect international companies in China; Second is the significance of these cultural differences; Third is how the companies would overcome them. For the first part, there will be examples of international companies which set up a business in China. As we know, since China joined the WTO in 2001, manyRead MoreReflection Journal in International Business1692 Words   |  7 Pagesgiven the slides by Mr Dasilva, my heart pounded. Oh no†¦. International Business. It sounded so global and dry. I was hoping that it will be somewhat similar like Marketing. However, we were told that International Business is defined as Globalisation of Business where countries are more integrated and are interdependent on world economy. Which is similar like Marketing but in a wider view. Approaching to the learning of International Business, students were told on the Problem Based Learning. We learnRead MoreText Synthesis Chapter 1 The Nature of Business Why do we study Business? Many people study1600 Words   |  7 PagesText Synthesis Chapter 1 The Nature of Business Why do we study Business? Many people study business because it offers so many career opportunities in general and plus everything that we deal in today society has to do with business. Think about the clothes, shoes, etc. you wearing today and then think of what business made it very possible for us to be wearing those merchandise and top of that it satisfied the sellers that’s buying the product this is called tangible and intangible good that provideRead MoreStarbuck1743 Words   |  7 Pagesexpend its business to other country around the world. However, each country owned and has an identity, a history, and culture. This requires to Starbucks to analyze the current market and adapt his offers according to the needs and mores (usages). There are several barriers facing Starbucks to the â€Å"teaching† people to change their consumption habits from tea and instant coffee. First of all, the major problem is that a cultural problem. In fact tea is still the number one beverage in China becauseRead MoreGlobal Business : Franchising Of Brazil1713 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal Business - Franchising in Brazil 1. Country Background 1.1 Brazil - Federative Republic of Brazil 1.2 Neighboring countries include Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, and Venezuela (â€Å"Country Report – Brazil,† 2015). 1.3 The territorial size of the country is 8,515,800 sq. km 1.4 Brazil’s population is 201,032,714 (â€Å"Country Report – Brazil,† 2015). 1.5 Brazil’s political system is a federal republic and its Constitution confers powers toRead MoreInternational Market And Trade Research1486 Words   |  6 PagesInternational market and trade research is beyond the capabilities and needs of Irish based firms. This paper will discuss the most salient points surrounding the claim â€Å"International Market and Trade Research is beyond the capabilities and needs of Irish based firms† This will be done by briefly examining the issue, before addressing why this is the case, and then supporting the position with relevant examples. Before evaluating the claim further, the language and phrases used within must beRead MoreWhy Ebay Failed in Asia Essay696 Words   |  3 PagesPierre Omidyar founded EBay on September 3, 1995 after many years of successful business in the United States eBay decided to expand its business to Asia; unfortunately business was not as successful in Asia as it was in the United States. (1) Understanding the four principles of marketing will help explain why eBay did not succeed in Asia. Product, Place, Price and Promotion are rules that eBay did not take into consideration by or clearly understand before proceeding into unknown territory.

Metamorphosis Of The Traditional Accountant-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Metamorphosis Of The Traditional Accountant? Answer: Introducation An organisation mainly operates with the profit motive and it makes all the possible strategies which would help the organisation to maintain a competitive hold over the market. It is important to note that most of the organisations in the contemporary business environment have different divisions who make strategic decisions that help the organisation to operate effectively. In a comparatively bigger organisation it becomes complicated to manage all the decisions due to the differences among the various divisions of the organisation. Organisational excellence is the result of all the different divisions working together and hence it is important for the different divisions to communicate with each other in order to get effective insights to strategise the business operations. For instance it is important for an organisation to have the supply chain management communicating with the production division which would help to get the right kind of material and also for effective inventor y management. Similarly one case each department is connected with the other and this is what leads a company to success. Most regularly organisations face operational inefficiencies or errors due to the organisational structure. The present study will discuss the possible operational inefficiencies that could creep up due to the organisational structure and how it could be eliminated with the help of IT system acquisition (Jones and George, 2015). The latter half of the paper will discuss the development and adoption of accounting software, its market size and the possible challenges encountered by the users using them and the key reasons for these organisations to gain competitive advantage. Style runner is one of the leading fashion startups operating in Australia and it has been used for the completion of this study. Stylerunner is one of the emerging fashion organisations selling activewear that has caught the attention of the entire country talking about this wonderful success within a short period of time. The organisation sells the cloths online and has been able to develop a satisfied client base all across the country and also exports its products across different foreign locations. This clearly shows that the organisation has been able to achieve success within a short time but an organisation has to manage its internal and external environment in order to continue to sustain in the business map and for that it is important to have a stable organisational structure (Bolman and Deal, 2017). Hence it is important to discuss about the organisational structure of the organisation Stylerunner. The present organisational structure of Stylerunner is mainly functional where each and every department is focused on each others functions. In the contemporary market the companies have to adapt to new challenges and alterations and most of the organisations have complex organisational structure that leads to operational errors and clearly decreases the possibilities of gaining competitive advantage in the market (Ashkenas et al., 2015). In a functional organisational structure the organisation has to manage the internal and external stakeholders which becomes extremely challenging due to barriers set for the employees to get into the organisational decision making and this leaves them with absolutely no idea whatsoever about what decisions are being taken. In Stylerunner the functional organisational structure is being followed and the organisation has separate functional departments that work together for the overall management of operations. In this sort of organisational struct ure there is a president or CEO at the top which in this case are the two sisters Sali and Julie Stevenja and under them there are different functional departments like RD, finance, production, distribution, marketing et cetera. Hence whatever decision is made in these departments will have to come to the sisters for their approval and then the decision is made (Jones and George, 2015). The main operational error which is likely to take place in a functional organisational structure for this organisation is the problem in supply chain management. The organisation has wide range of activewear and hence it has to manage numerous suppliers and have to communicate with them properly. If the supply chain management is not properly managed the entire organisation will come down on its knees due to the improper distribution of products poor inventory management and improper information integration and communication for the different departments to make their decisions effectively (Myerson, 2012). Hence supply chain management issue is one of the major issues that the organisation Stylerunner could face in this scenario. Apart from that information distribution and communication stands to be another problem that could lead to operational inefficiencies within the organisation and so it is important that the organisation is able to make sure a proper system is implemented in order to manage the organisational operations effectively and reduce miscommunication and confusion (Bolman and Deal, 2017). From the above discussion it is clear that Stylerunner as an organisation could face mainly supply chain issues which would definitely lead to production and distribution problems and communicative problems due to the distances between the departments in a functional organisational structure. Hence the company should focus on getting a IT system set up in a way which would help the organisation to eliminate all its problems, It will manage the supply chain effectively, provide suitable information to the key stakeholders of the organisation and also help to integrate information in the system which would be effective for the different organisational levels to utilise for the organisational operations (Powell, Riezebos and Strandhagen, 2013). In this case the Enterprise Resource Planning System is the perfect system that could be integrated in the system of the organisation (Stadtler, 2015). The ERP is an excellent option to manage the supply chain of the organisation Stylerunner. The ERP has various functional modules which would help the organisation to meet all its information needs and communication needs as well as manage the supply chain effectively (Saleh Shata and Mohamed Udin, 2012). The Supply chain management involves the aspects of planning, execution, control and monitoring the supply activities and helps in integrated value creation procedure. The material flow, information flow and the financial flow are effectively managed by ERP for the organisation Stylerunner and hence it becomes an extremely effective tool which would provide the best possible result after the implementation. There are certainly some key advantages which would help the organisation Stylerunner with the integration of ERP in the system which are: improved efficiency of the operations as it helps to discuss the key aspects of the business and all the important functional departments have suitable information, helps in decision making, minimises communication gap, helps to impro ve the management of inventory, eliminate any kind of errors involved with supply chain and finally helps to reduce cost through perfect management of financial information and helps to utilise resources in the best possible manner (Wisner, Tang and Leong, 2014). The sales flowchart of the Stylerunner should be developed in the form of a typical Electronic commerce business. The sales flowchart starts with the customer placing order in the online portal of the organisation. The customer places the order makes credit transactions or debit transaction or chooses to pay during the home delivery. The order is placed and the organisation informs the warehouse where it is picked up by the distribution vehicle and then reaches the customer after which the customer feedback is taken to improve the sales procedure and the overall customer service. Below the possible sales flowchart of the organisation Stylerunner is given (Chang et al., 2014). Fig 1: Sales Flowchart Stylerunner There could be significant fraudulent activities involved in the ERP system which could impact the business significantly. The ERP system has significant security fears in the form of dummy supplier fraud. This is one aspect which cannot be denied by the ERP developers and hence it is important to implement significant control system for the ERP. The hack attacks are possible in ERP and hence proper online surveillance is important for the ERP system. The control system should be properly managed in the sense that the IT managers will have to understand how to manage this daunting task of safeguarding the ERP system implemented. First of all application security is the first issue to be managed and hence it should be simplified with the help of implementation to tools and security mainly authentication and access steps are important to be developed. A specific standard should be maintained which would help to manage the system properly. An audit system should be placed to manage the ERP security risks. There are different tools which could manage these issues effectively (Myerson, 2012). From accounting researches it has been found that most of the organisations irrespective of the size use accounting software packages. The use of accounting software in Australia is common in the corporate world. The use of accounting software may have become common and compulsory for effective operations of the organisation but its use has been there in the business since its inception in the late 70s. The bigger organisations like IBM, Microsoft embraced accounting software in the early 80s which clearly shows the importance of accounting software packages in the world (Romney et al., 2013). It is important to note that the concept of accounting is quite old and has been in use since the inception of the concept of business. In the contemporary business market in Australia almost 85% of the organisations have taken up accounting software due to the excessive increase of competition in the business. . Survey also shows that 99% of the small and medium scale businesses in Australia a re using accounting software packages which are mostly third party accounting and payroll accounting packages. Hence it could be said that the current market size of the accounting software selling organisation is almost 85% if properly assessed (Ng, Harrison and Akroyd, 2013). The most popular accounting software packages in Australia are MYOB (Mind Your Own Business), The Quickbook is the next big thing in the accounting market, Reckon, Xero, Money Works Express et cetera. These organisations capture 78% of the Australian business market together and hence are considered leading accounting software package selling organisations. One of the biggest reasons that the organisations have embraced software for accounting is that it eases a huge amount of pressure from the accountants and has also improved their features effectively to gain competitive advantage in the market. It is also important to mention that the market demand of the accounting software have been a prime reason for the increasing sales of these organisations (Horngren, et al., 2012). Companies like Quick Books, MYOB and Xero have gained competitive advantage as they have thought out of the box and have made the software completely cloud based which makes it easier for the organisation to do calculations from different places. Software like Xero, MYOB and Zoho Books are mainly based on price. MYOB and Zoho gain competitive advantage as they have phone support which is missing in companies Xero. Comparing the prices of Zoho Books and Xero it could be said that they gain upper hand as they are comparatively cheaper to MYOB which makes them highly saleable to the consumers (Trigo, Belfo and Estbanez, 2014). The importance of accounting software have increased over the years which clearly shows that this is considered as a tool of competition for many business as using accounting software eases the work to a large extent. It is also important to be mentioned that even though accounting software might be effective for businesses they also pose certain challenges for the organisations. The very first challenge that they pose to the business is security threat. It is important to note that most of the cloud based services have security threats and it cannot be denied. The financial information is one of the most highly classified information of an organisation and hence security threats will stand to be a huge aspect that needs to be managed (Van Akkeren, Buckby, and MacKenzie, 2013). On the other hand most of the cloud based software tends to work slow as they are heavy and not glitch free and hence this needs to be properly worked out. It could be recommended that customer service tool ha s to be improved to provide the best possible service to the clients. Authentication and access patterns have to be changed constantly and identity authentication should be implemented in order to strengthen the safety of the software. Access controls and database management should be handled singlehandedly (Romney et al., 2013). Conclusion To conclude it could be said that accounting is extremely important for an organisation and hence it is important to make the right decision to choose accounting software packages. The accounting software market in Australia is highly competitive. There are certain advantages of using accounting software and also challenges and hence there has to be security protocols in order to safeguard the software effectively. Overall to conclude it could be said that accounting system has to be implemented very prudently in an organisation like Stylerunner so that it gets the best possible result out of it. References Ashkenas, R., Ulrich, D., Jick, T. and Kerr, S., 2015.The boundaryless organization: Breaking the chains of organizational structure. John Wiley Sons. Bolman, L.G. and Deal, T.E., 2017.Reframing organizations: Artistry, choice, and leadership. John Wiley Sons. Chang, S.I., Yen, D.C., Chang, I.C. and Jan, D., 2014. Internal control framework for a compliant ERP system.Information Management,51(2), pp.187-205. Horngren, C., Harrison, W., Oliver, S., Best, P., Fraser, D. and Tan, R., 2012.Financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Jones, G. and George, J., 2015.Contemporary management. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Maas, J.B., Fenema, P.C. and Soeters, J., 2014. ERP system usage: the role of control and empowerment.New Technology, Work and Employment,29(1), pp.88-103. Myerson, P., 2012.Lean supply chain and logistics management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Ng, F., A. Harrison, J. and Akroyd, C., 2013. A revenue management perspective of management accounting practice in small businesses.Meditari Accountancy Research,21(2), pp.92-116. Powell, D., Riezebos, J. and Strandhagen, J.O., 2013. Lean production and ERP systems in small-and medium-sized enterprises: ERP support for pull production.International Journal of Production Research,51(2), pp.395-409. Romney, M.B., Steinbart, P.J., Mula, J.M., McNamara, R. and Tonkin, T., 2013.Accounting Information Systems [1st Australasian edition]. Pearson Australia. Saleh Shatat, A. and Mohamed Udin, Z., 2012. The relationship between ERP system and supply chain management performance in Malaysian manufacturing companies.Journal of Enterprise Information Management,25(6), pp.576-604. Stadtler, H., 2015. Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Teittinen, H., Pellinen, J. and Jrvenp, M., 2013. ERP in actionChallenges and benefits for management control in SME context.International Journal of Accounting Information Systems,14(4), pp.278-296. Trigo, A., Belfo, F. and Estbanez, R.P., 2014. Accounting information systems: The challenge of the real-time reporting.Procedia Technology,16, pp.118-127. Van Akkeren, J., Buckby, S. and MacKenzie, K., 2013. A metamorphosis of the traditional accountant: An insight into forensic accounting services in Australia.Pacific Accounting Review,25(2), pp.188-216. Wisner, J.D., Tan, K.C. and Leong, G.K., 2014.Principles of supply chain management: A balanced approach. Cengage Learning.

Bus105 Business Statistics

Question: Section 1: Goals and format of the assignment Paraphrase the following, there will be a similar discussions in the lectures and tutorials you can paraphrase that instead This assignment is supposed to help students understand the following concepts. * You can ask a sample of people simple questions and give a numerical summary of the results *The summary is not reliable, different samples would give different answers , This lack of reliability can be well explained by theoretical distributions such as the z distribution. *You can use Hypothesis testing to use sample to answer a questions about the population *The first sections of the assignment involve explaining and summarizing a large data set of simple data and interpreting the results the later sections discuss Hypothesis testing, the issues of collecting and working with large sets of data, and the fact it is very hard to fully understand the applications of the z distribution. Section 2: Description of the data set a)Expand upon and paraphrase the following, definitely describe each of the variables, For each variable answer the question is it categorical or numerical? The data set is the survey responses of 100,000 people every student has their own sample of 100 people , Each person is shown one of 3 possible endings for a tv show, ending 1, ending 2 or ending 3 and they are asked two questions , question 1: Do they like the movie? Question 2: How much would they pay for the DVD? b) Also do one or both of the following *Give some more questions that could be asked *Criticise the existing questions Section 3: Summary of the data set You must do this section first because the descriptive statistics will help you understand the assignment, When you write up the assignment the descriptive statistics section will go in the middle of the assignment, however you really need to do it first. You need to Open up the assignment data set (the file computer assignment with filters) You must only use your sample of 100 numbers use the filter given in the excel sheet to find your own 100 numbers (this should become clear if you actually open the excel file) Read instructions given in the excel file and answer the following questions. Answer the following questions (refer to the excel file for more instructions) you must get excel to give you your data set, your numbers will be different to the other students. Question 1 For the variable Do they like the tv show find =phat1=proportion of people that liked the tv show with ending 1 =phat2=proportion of people that liked the tv show with ending 2 =phat3=proportion of people that liked the tv show with ending 3 find phat1-phat2 phat2-phat3 Give a chart that compares the proportion of the 3 different tv show endings Question 2 find =xbar1=the average amount people would pay for the dvd of the tv show with ending 1 =xbar2= the average amount people would pay for the dvd of the tv show with ending 2 =xbar3=the average amount people would pay for the dvd of the tv show with ending 3 find xbar1-xbar2 xbar2-xbar3 Answer: SECTION 1 The write-up uses the following concepts: Population and sampling techniques Calculating Descriptive values - mean, mode, median, variance, maximum, range and coefficient of variation. Drawing of Graphs - histograms and bar chart Sampling distributions Estimation theory point estimates Hypothesis tests SECTION 2 This report is based on a sample drawn from a set of 10,000 survey responses of people. The sample size is 100, based on student id. The questionnaire administered relates to the person being shown one of 3 possible endings for a TV show, ending 1, ending 2 or ending 3 and they are asked two questions. Q1: Do they like the show? The answer is recorded as YES/ NO. The answer is therefore a categorical data type with 2 categories. Q2: How much would they pay for the DVD? This answer is a quantitative variable, with positive integers only as values. Section III In this section we present some findings as required: First we deal with the point estimates of the proportion of viewers in each group, defined by the ending shown. =phat1=.29 =phat2=.44 =phat3=.27 phat1-phat2 = -0.03 phat2-phat3 = -0.01 The table below shows the distribution of viewers across groups with their liking. Majority of viewers in group 2 and 3 like the show( 23/44 and 21/27), unlike in group 1 where the majority do not like the show. ( 16 out of 29) YES NO endg1 13 16 29 endg2 23 21 44 endg3 21 6 27 57 43 100 We present data on point estimates of average amounts that each group is willing to pay: =xbar1= 4.73 =xbar2= 5.76 =xbar3 = 8.2 sample average = 6.127 xbar1-xbar2 = -1.033 xbar2-xbar3 = - 2.439 Next we consider each group separately and visualise the distribution of willingness to pay using histograms. The following representation shows frequency distribution as well as cumulative percentage of this distribution visually. The table below shows the frequency numerically also. class Frequency ending 1 ending 2 ending 3 0 to less than 2 16 21 6 2 to less than 4 0 0 0 4 to less than 6 0 0 0 6 to less than 8 4 3 3 8 to less than 10 4 10 9 10 to less than 12 3 6 5 12 2 4 4 We now provide descriptive statistics for the 3 categories outlined above. ending 1 ending 2 ending 3 Mean 4.734483 5.768182 8.207407 Standard Error 0.926529 0.81876 0.884996 Median 0.9 8 9 Mode 8 9 9 Standard Deviation 4.989 5.431038 4.598572 Skewness 0.406286 0.290192 -0.87268 Range 13 18 14 Maximum 13 18 14 SECTION 4 Summary of data description: Average amount that a viewer wants to pay for a DVD is highest for show with ending 3- at 8.207 For shows with ending 1 with TV show ending with1 the average amount that a viewer wants to pay for a DVD is lowest at 4.73. The average amount for shows ending with 2 is 5.768, closer to group 1 average. The sample average stands at 6.127. There is less similarity in the maximum amount that a viewer is willing to pay for a DVD across all show. It is highest at 18 for group 2 and lowest for group 1 at 13. The three groups differ in skewness. Shows ending with 1 and 2 are positively skewed in contrast with negative skewness for group 3. This is seen in histograms as well. There is zero willingness to pay for amounts between $2 and $6 across groups. The range is almost same across categories, and equals the maximum amount as the minimum amount is zero in all groups. Range = maximum minimum. When minimum is zero range equals maximum. Variation is captured in an absolute sense by standard deviation. The standard deviation is highest for group 2 and lowest for group 3. SECTION 5 The use of surveys in making conclusions about populations is based on theory of estimation and hypothesis testing. The usefulness of surveys is unchallenged, especially when time and money constraints are important. They become unavoidable when the population itself is infinite or uncountable. The quality of the results ( in terms of relevance and usefulness) and conclusions drawn from a sample are subject to many considerations- size of sample as compared to population size, sampling technique used, confidence level chosen and the questions asked in any questionnaire from sample participants. After controlling for these aspects some problems still remain in the form of non sampling errors that include nature of responses being biased or participants giving wrong information. Some participants may provide frivolous answers as they are not required to prove the veracity of their answers with actions. When we ask how they are willing to pay for DVD they can sound magnanimous and state a large number, but may actually refuse to pay that amount. The questionnaire may not be exhaustive. For example for Q1, along with YES/ NO we can have CANT SAY also. SECTION 6 Let us consider shows ending with 1 and 2 first YES NO Ending 1 13 16 Ending 2 21 21 We use a chi square test of association to test for association between liking show and its ending for two pairs - 1and 2, and 2 and 3. The null hypothesis is independence between ending and liking. The alternative hypothesis says there is an association between liking a shos and its ending. First group 1 and 2, calculating expected values, we note that the chi square test value is 13.02395 and the critical value with 95% confidence is 5.02(with 1 degree of freedom). We DO NOT accept the null hypothesis. observed expected (O-E)^2/E 13 10.44 0.627739 16 10.73 2.588341 23 15.84 3.236465 21 16.28 1.368452 7.820997 . Let us consider shows ending with 2 and 3 now: YES NO Ending 2 23 21 Ending 3 21 6 Again using a chi square test we note that the test value is 13.264 and the critical value with 95% confidence is 5.02. Clearly, there is NO independence between liking the show and its ending. observed expected (O-E)^2/E 23 19.36 0.68438 21 11.88 7.001212 21 11.88 7.001212 6 7.29 0.228272 14.91508 We now conduct tests for checking differences in mean amounts that people are willing to pay for shows ending with 1 and 2. We use a normal distribution for the estimated difference value Ho: 1 = 2 H1: 1 2 Test value = (-1.033/ SE ) SE= (5^2/29 +4.9^2/44) ^.5 = 1.816 Test value = -.871 Using a 99% level of confidence the critical z value is 2.57. As test value critical value we can say that there is a NO significant difference in amounts people are willing to pay for DVDs with shows ending with 1 and 2. Now for shows ending with 2 and 3 . Ho: 2 = 3 H1: 2 3 Test value = (-2.439/ SE ) SE= (4.9^2/44 +4.6^2/27) ^.5 = 1.115 Test value = -2.1156. Using a 99% level of confidence the critical z value is 2.57. as test value critical value we can say that there is NO significant difference in amounts people are willing to pay for DVDs with shows ending with 2 and 3. SECTION VII Sampling distributions are an integral part of estimation and hypothesis theory. This theory forms the basis of any sample analysis to derive population glimpses. As a theory it is based on mathematical theory of probability distributions and mathematical proofs. Sampling theory uses a technique of deriving statistic values from samples. The samples are ideally infinite in number. These statistic values are then applied on probability distributions like normal z, t, F and chi square distributions to aid in the test of hypothesis. We have used two such distributions in our report chi square distribution to check independence of liking across categories, normal distribution to check differences in amount that people are willing to pay across shows. In real life we only draw one sample, which is why a theoretical concept that uses an infinite number of samples is difficult to grasp and understand SECTION VIII. We work with a sample that constitutes 1% of the population data, (100 out of 10000 datapoints). The conclusions are conditional on the student id that is used as the sampling method. These sample points are randomly spread over three groups based on show ending. Our sample has a disproportionate large number of data points in group 2, for shows with ending 2 (44 out of 100). The data shows variations in terms of some descriptive statistics like mean, variance, maximum values, skewness and standard deviation across all groups formed on the basis of ending of the show. There is a similarity in terms of maximum willingness to pay and range. Also there is a statistically significant association between liking show and its ending when we choose 2 pairs of shows( ending 1 and 2=, and ending 2 and 3). The differences in average amounts that a viewer pays are not statistically significant if we choose a 99% confidence level. These results are conditional on the level of confidence ( or Type 1 error chosen) a lower confidence level may change the conclusions.